Moral Decline in America free essay sample

Morals It is no secret that the United States is on a spiraling moral decline. The overall morals of the people have been changing steadily since the beginning of civilization. America, which was founded on a spiritual basis, has been turning its back on the morals that this very nation was established upon. The United States has now become a place in which television, internet, newspapers, and media in general scream moral decline, as well as a place where parental discipline has dwindled away to nearly no form of discipline at all. The fact is: America’s morals are declining. Movies and television are an obvious part of everyday American life; however with such a habit of watching the screen, one’s mind has the power to be influenced and their morality to be questioned. It has been recognized that the average American child spends at least 28 hours a week, either watching T. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Decline in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page V. , surfing the web, etc. â€Å"The average American will also witness approximately 20,000 simulated deaths in his or her lifetime. Violence has been so glamorized that it can be found almost everywhere in media† (Parents). While this data should be shocking, it is really no surprise that this is the kind of media one’s mind is being exposed to. Because of the moral decline taking place in the United States, most any child would not view televised violent death as anything grotesque while decades ago such violence would never be exposed to the young mind, or any mind for that matter. America seems willing to sacrifice its views and others morals for the gain of the money made by these movies and T. V. shows. Movie ratings have recently been viewed by much of the public as skewed.

Damascus Experience essays

Damascus Experience essays I decided to do my paper on Acts 9:1 though Acts 9:9. I chose this passage because I believe it made a huge difference in Christianity. After his experience on the road, Paul became one of the most influential men in the Bible. He also wrote two- thirds of the New Testament. Paul was one of the most intelligent men of his time. This is why his conversion was so important. Luke wrote this book. It was written around 62 A.D. This was a letter originally written to Theophilus. The purpose of writing to Theophilus was to give him greater insight into the origins of Christianity. It is thought that he was a converted Gentile. This miraculous event occurred on the road to Damascus. Saul was a member of the Sanhedrin. It was the middle of the day, and Gods light shined brighter than the sun. The bright light blinded Paul, maybe to show him his blindness in persecution. Paul was blown away when he heard I am Jesus, whom you persecute. Because he experienced this event himself, there was no way he could deny it. He understood that this vision was from the God he had been trying to serve, only to learn that he had badly misunderstood God. He saved Saul just in time. He was taking orders from the high priest of the Sanhedrin, which gave him, power to extradite all Christians who had fled due to persecution. Saul was known as the most zealous representative of the Jewish community when it came to persecution. Saul believed he was being religious and doing the right thing in persecuting Christians. The main theme is salvation, plain and simple. The Lord saved Paul from a life of sin. In turn, The Lord also saved many lives by reversing Pauls beliefs when he did. Who knows how many would have died if Paul and his entourage would have killed in Damascus. This is how the passage goes according to me: Saul was talking about abusing and murdering Christians. He goes to the boss to ask f ...

Pros And Cons Of Ebooks In Comparison With Hardcover Books Essay

Pros And Cons Of Ebooks In Comparison With Hardcover Books - Essay Example Rather than true ownership, a majority of eBook purchases are more or fewer leases that have very few residual rights. The only way a buyer can ensure that they get continuous access and be able to store the content in the eBook is to download the entire material to a local storage device where rights to the content are not presided over by digital rights management (DRM) systems (Walters 85-95). The content of the e Boom is transferred from a hosted service on the World Wide Web, for instance from a cloud hosting service. The ‘buyer’ lacks control over the content, as Google Books attest; Google will stop serving the eBook content to the ‘buyer’ in the event that it (Google) loses the right to give the buyer any Digital content. While buying an eBook from an online repository, one is likely to encounter terms and conditions that read something akin to ‘you have limited, non-exclusive, personal, and revocable non-transferrable and not-assignable rights or license to use, view, and/ or play a single material copy or download a single copy on a single computer for non-commercial personal home use. Both institutions and individuals get statements of revocable rights to use material that they have ostensibly purchased and paid money for. The content publisher retains the right to change the terms of the sale at any time! It is akin to buying an operating system in which the vendor retains the right to change the sale terms at any time and the user has non-exclusive rights to use software they have paid for. Some publishers further add that they can withdraw their titles from resellers and vendors, including librarians if specific terms are flouted or not met. Mind you, these titles have already been sold to the respective vendors or librarians (Walters 85-95). Publishers also retain rights to change the contents of the eBook without any prior notice, a  concept that destroys the normal concept of selling a physical book.

Fraud, Errors and Illegal Acts Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fraud, Errors and Illegal Acts - Term Paper Example Internal control, proper reporting mechanism and the implementation of sound accounting policies and procedures shall rest with the management due to which, role of management has increased. A forensic accountant must have an in-depth study of the documents presented and should have the command to use computer software and so on. Forensic auditors must have excellent written and oral communication skill. Auditors must be aware of IT application and business processes to have a grip on IT related frauds. To nab the tax dodgers, Internal Revenue Service has number of trained people who gather information from different sources / channels to be used to detect tax frauds. IRS has the power to confiscate property of the tax defaulter / tax dodger in order to pressurize them to clear their tax liabilities. FRAUD, ERRORS AND ILLEGAL ACTS The Auditors’ Responsibilities to Detect Fraud, Errors and Illegal Acts The basic responsibility of an auditor is to detect fraud, errors and illega l acts that takes place in an organization and report it to the competent committee for audit to take appropriate measures to prevent fraud, errors and illegal acts (Alleyne & Howard 2005). ... controls, absence of controls, ineffective controls and overriding of controls by the management that culminates fraudulent expenses and skimmed of assets; to pinpoint the individual(s) that are involved in fraudulent transaction, their attitude and past history; identify the loopholes attracting fraud(s) and to suggest management / competent committee of the Board to plug in the identified loopholes (AICPA 2002). After the debacle of Enron and World Com, the American legislatures drafted and promulgated an act named as â€Å"Sarbanes Oxley Act-2002† just to restore the investor’s confidence. The act sets the new pattern of accountability and imposition of penalties for the wrongdoers (Alleyne & Howard 2005). According to laid down criteria, auditors have to take into account the mentioned criterion while auditing an enterprise. Auditors who have conducted audit of an organization shall keep audit reviews for a period of five years. Auditors are to certify the effective ness of internal controls of an entity wherein they conducted audit. They have to advise the management to form a team of experts from finance, audit, information technology, operation, risk management and legal to evolve comprehensive procedure for an effective control on financial transactions (Alleyne & Howard 2005). The team of experts should directly be reporting to the CEO/CFO of the company for necessary guidance and instructions in light of the audit reports. Management should bear the cost of compliance to improve / revamp existing system for an effective internal control. Auditors should not encroach upon the discretions of management for implementation of comprehensive procedure concerning effective internal controls or overcome the internal control deficiencies.  

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Research Paper - 2

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace - Research Paper Example In many cases, the victim may not register any complaints about the sex harassments and hence the number of the actual sex harassment cases is extremely higher than the number of the reported cases. Sexual harassment is considered as employment discrimination if it takes place at the workplace. Earlier sex harassment incidents at workplaces were mostly happened against the women employees. However, at present even male workers are complaining about the sexual harassment they are facing from their female superior employees. In other words, both males and females are equally suffering from the sexual exploitations at workplace. Nature of sex harassment incidents at workplace Sex harassments can take place in the workplace in different forms. Sex harassments can take place physically, psychologically, verbally or nonverbally. Even some of the gestures can categorize in the sex harassment lists. In most of the cases, sex harassments start verbally. The culprit often tries to catch the at traction of the victim with the help of comments with sexual overtones or remarks sexual nature. Chaudhari (2006) has pointed out an incident in which a senior doctor used verbal sexual harassment even in the operation theatre. A female doctor of 34 years of age said â€Å"ah† when the operation theatre needle accidently pierced her hand. In response to that the senior doctor said â€Å"You are making a sound like you are having sex† (Chaudhari, 2006, p.11). In this case, the senior doctor tried to harass the junior doctor even in the operation theatre which shows that sex harassments are happening even at workplaces where one would never anticipate such activities. The culprit often analyzes the response of the victim to the initial verbal... This essay stresses that sexual harassment is an act of intimidation, bullying or coercion for in an effort to force a person to engage in sexual activities. In many cases, the victim may not register any complaints about the sex harassments and hence the number of the actual sex harassment cases is extremely higher than the number of the reported cases. This paper declares that earlier sex harassment incidents at workplaces were mostly happened against the women employees. However, at present even male workers are complaining about the sexual harassment they are facing from their female superior employees. In other words, both males and females are equally suffering from the sexual exploitations at workplace. Sex harassments can take place in the workplace in different forms. Sex harassments can take place physically, psychologically, verbally or nonverbally. Even some of the gestures can categorize in the sex harassment lists. In most of the cases, sex harassments start verbally. The culprit often tries to catch the attraction of the victim with the help of comments with sexual overtones or remarks sexual nature. The culprit often analyzes the response of the victim to the initial verbal assaults microscopically before deciding whether to continue his/her activities or to stop it there. In the above incident, if the junior doctor r esponded or seems to be responded favorably to the comments of her senior doctor, sex harassment will enter the second phase of unwanted body touches or physical activities.

Free Speech in a Liberal Democratic Society

Free Speech in a Liberal Democratic Society People are rational beings with many desires but in a liberal democratic society these desires have to be regulated, reconciled and controlled so that they do not impinge on the rights of others. From a philosophical perspective, it is a dilemma whether the State should be the source of freedom that regulates citizen participation in society. On the other hand, it can be argued that the State is the natural enemy of free speech as it damages a free society on various grounds. From a legal point of view, it is apparent that both international treaties and domestic legislations restrict free speech based on intellectual property, crime, morality, discrimination, media, information and security laws. At the same time, however, freedom of speech has been backed up by a number of domestic, regional and international laws to ensure it is not undermined or abused. This leads to the question of where should the line be drawn and the extent of freedom of speech. This essay will analyse the current status of free speech in a liberal democratic society. The discussion will include both a legal, theoretical comparison between the different legislations and an analysis about how they interfere with the right to free speech. It is evident that in a liberal democratic society freedom of expression is highly valued based on various legislations.[1] In fact, it has been described as the core value of a democratic society as it enhances its powers and builds a sustainable future.[2] It is the view of Fuller, an American legal theorist, that free speech is crucially important to human survival.[3] In addition, he views free expression as an inherent aspect of natural law as it maintains, opens up and safeguards the integrity of the channels of connection through which people communicate what they desire, perceive and feel.[4] This is bolstered by Dworkin who believes that policies and laws are only legitimate if they are implemented democratically. As such, freedom of expression is a condition of legitimate government.[5] Moreover, Mill viewed free speech as a necessity for a flourishing society and individual happiness and he defended extensive freedom of expression.[6] Dworkin also criticised what he calls individuals being ‘passive victims of collective action’ because imposing a collective decision on an opposing individual is illegitimate as free speech is the lifeblood of democracy.[7] Furthermore, regulating freedom of expression is not the best way to combat intolerance as such a quick fix solution might leave the issue unresolved.[8] Quite the opposite, history shows that censorship is likely to make undesirable speech more attractive.[9] This is why Heinze even criticised the regulation of hate speech as inherently discriminatory due to its selective nature.[10] In addition to the legal theory, free speech is protected by a number of international and regional laws. Based on Article 19 of the General Assembly Resolution (GAR) in 1948, some sort of customary international law imposes legal force which might not necessarily be binding on states, yet many of its provisions are binding.[11] This is also strengthened by Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which states that: ‘Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the freedom to hold opinions without interference and to see, receive and import information.’[12] Furthermore, Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) emphasises the right to communicate ideas through any kind of media ‘regardless of frontiers’.[13] It also ensures the freedom to receive and seek information, which embeds a number of the rights within the UDHR.[14] Hence, Article 19 of the ICCPR imposes its framework and provisions that states parties to the ICCPR should implement at a national level.[15] Alongside the ICCPR,[16] the right of free speech is granted in regional treaties such as the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) (Article 13),[17] the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (Article 10)[18] and the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) (Article 9).[19] Even free speech advocates recognise the importance of limiting and framing free expression which is also enhanced by statutory instruments.[20] For instance, it is the view of Judge Oliver Holmes that shouting fire in a packed theatre should not be seen as a form of freedom.[21] He added: ‘The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that congress has a right to prevent as it is a question of proximity and degree.’[22] Similarly, Meiklejohn argued that demanding free expression by self-governed men does not mean every person has an unalienable right to express themselves wherever, however and whenever they want.[23] Hence, people should only do so through the appropriate channels.[24] Promoting equality is perhaps more important than maintaining an absolute free expression policy in a liberal democratic society. This should be the case as some forms of speech are harmful which imposes an obligation on the State to maintain the protection of free society.[25] This contradicts Mill who conditioned freedom of expression upon progressive society as the main priority.[26] Yet, Mill’s view has been criticised by civil rights theorists as it supports individualism, while equality should be the priority for a democratic society.[27] Besides the harm principle proposed by Mill, Fienberg proposed what is called the offence principle as a way of drawing a line between what should and should not be acceptable in free speech.[28] Moreover, Waldron criticised Dworkin’s proposal which supported absolute free speech as he believes in regulating speech because it will promote equality and include minorities in the democratic process.[29] According to Lord Devlin, the public good should prevail over the rights of the individual; thus, the morals of society have to be enforced by law. This prevents the disintegration of society which is an advantage of having a shared morality policy.[30] Based on this argument, regulating free speech does not violate the liberal democratic society norms as it ensures equality and morality. In addition, it would probably be better if undesirable free speech did not occur in the first place. Aside from the theoretical aspect of the dilemma, freedom of speech is limited by human rights instruments as it is not absolute.[31] Based on the three stage test in Article 19(3) of the ICCPR, restricting speech is a legitimate action if the required criteria are followed.[32] First, the intervention should be in compliance with the law and should be ‘formulated with sufficient precision to enable the citizen to regulate his conduct’.[33] Second, the legally enforced intervention should pursue a legitimate aim such as protection of national security, public morals, health or order or protecting the reputation and rights of others.[34] Third, there should be a necessity for the restriction towards a legitimate aim. The ECHR summarised this by stating that: ‘Freedom of expression is subject to a number of exceptions which, however, must be narrowly interpreted and the necessity for any restrictions must be convincingly established.’[35] The same test is applied worldwide to measure the legitimacy of restrictions including the International Covenant, Universal Declaration, African Charter and American Convention.[36] In Europe, although Article 10 of the ECHR allows for various forms of freedom, Article 10(2) restricts this freedom to conditions, formalities, penalties based on what is stated in the law to maintain a democratic society.[37] This shows how freedom of expression is not an absolute and so restricting it should not be seen as a violation of the right of free speech. In Canada, for example, the Canadian Charter[38] maintains and applies a reasonable balance to regulate free expression,[39] whereas in France, Germany and Austria holocaust denial is criminalised due to historically significant reasons.[40] For its part, in the UK, laws like the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006[41] and the Public Order Act 1996[42] regulate public order matters but this does not undermine the right of free speech.[43] On the other hand, despite the US first Amendment which strengthens the right of free speech,[44] case law such as Snyder v Phelps shows an application of restrictions there.[45] Finally, in Australia, an application similar to the one in Canada is applied to strike a balance between free speech and harmful speech.[46] Based on Lingens v Austria,[47] and Handyside v UK,[48] it seems that restricting free speech is a legitimate action that does not violate free expression since it is done for a necessary and appropriate reason. The Human Rights Committee emphasised in Shin v ROK[49] that even if the expression violates the law, Article 19(3) requires the State to explain the importance of implementing these measures.[50] As a result, even though national and international law perceives the importance of implementing grounds to restrict free speech,[51] it should fall within the specified criteria based on the test.[52] Thus, the restrictions are implemented to safeguard and stop people from abusing freedom. It seems at this stage that there is no clear violation on the right of free expression as the imposed limitations are appropriate to the nature of liberal democratic society.[53] According to Mill, different views and opinions are valuable to society either because of the truth behind the argument or if it is false because this contributes and reinforces the truth and its emergence.[54] He argued that ‘to refuse a hearing to an opinion, because they are sure that it is false, is to assume that their certainty is the same thing as absolute certainty all silencing of discussion is an assumption of infallibility’.[55] This argument was followed in the case of Mavlonov v Uzbekistan as Article 19(2)[56] had been violated due to the State not having sufficient grounds to fulfil Article 19(3).[57] In fact, the UN Human Rights Committee held that the authorities should have allowed free expression of a newspaper as well as the right to receive ideas and information.[58] This case involved a newspaper that incited inter-ethnic hostility and the State of Uzbekistan, by silencing expression and regulating hate speech, was criticised for damaging free society.[59] On the other hand, in RAV v City of St Pauls,[60] it was argued that the State should maintain open and free debate without impairing one side of the debate. This case highlighted the unfairness of free speech regulation as the State allowed anti-sexist and anti-racist speech while prohibiting sexist and racist speech. The Supreme Court decided that the ordinance was fair and favouring tolerance over intolerance was a legitimate reason to limit speech.[61] Freedom of expression is also regulated by Article 20(2)[62] of the ICCPR which forbids specific types of hate expression. In addition, ‘any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law’.[63] It seems that Article 20 is working with Article 19 towards collaborating with the States to balance by law which eliminates criminalising.[64] As a result, it can be argued that Article 20(2) does not violate freedom of expression in a liberal democratic society but regulates this freedom positively. This is bolstered by the Human Rights Committee in its Draft General Comment No 34 (2011) which supports the compatibility between Articles 20 and 19 of the ICCPR and sets permissible restrictions on the right of free speech.[65] Hence, the Human Rights Committee re-affirmed that Article 20 provides convenient sanctions in cases of a breach so it will not interpret provisions to impose criminal sanctions in advance.[66] The case of Ross[67] clarified the overlapping characteristics of Articles 20 and 19 in which the Human Rights Committee stressed the need for consistent interpretations of the Covenant.[68] In this case, the Committee justified limiting the authors rights to freedom of expression and religion, based on Article 19(3). As a result, Article 20(2) did not violate any rights of expression due to: first, the prohibition of the act stated in the law; second, a legitimate purpose was clear; third, the necessity to achieve its stated purpose.[69] Moreover, there was a violation in a subsection of the New Brunswick Human Rights Act due to the authors expressions being considered as discriminatory and poisoning the community.[70] Clearly in this case the State Party prevented the author from expressing himself which undermined liberal democratic values.[71] Furthermore, the Supreme Court decided not to allow the author to practise his religion while being a teacher which seems to be a denial of the freedom and right recognised by the Covenant.[72] Hence, the authors right of free expression was restricted and held as a sufficient detriment for losing a teaching position as this job carried specific duties.[73] However, as teaching young students carries special duties which if misconducted might harm the pupils, it was proportionate to restrict the author’s rights.[74] This is strengthened by Mill’s point of view that instigation is a form of harming others, which is a legitimate justification for restricting free speech as occurred in this case.[75] Based on the harm principle introduced by Mill, freedom of speech should not lead to discrimination and harm to any members of society. If this could be avoided, it would lead to a flourishing and healthy society, which is a fundamental aspect of a liberal democratic society.[76] According to Article 26 of the ICCPR, hate and discrimination speech are prohibited by customary international law to avoid causing harm. This clearly states that ‘all persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion ’.[77] To summarise, it is clear at this stage that there are enough legal grounds to restrict freedom of expression. This is also bolstered by a number of legal theorists who are in favour of restricting free speech. The argument is over the extent that the source of freedom which is the State should try to balance equality and liberty. It has been argued that regulating free expression is a mechanism for enhancing free speech which is not an absolute right. On the other side, some debaters claim that the truth shall only be revealed by having diverse opinions. Nowadays, there has been an increase in anti-discrimination and equality laws which have curtailed in limited circumstances free speech. There are number of legislations for restricting free speech such as Article 19(3) of the ICCPR,[78] Article 10(2) of the ECHR,[79] Section 2 of the CCRF,[80] as well as number of domestic legislations in the UK.[81] However, Article 19(3) of the ICCPR is conditioned on three grounds: first, the intervention should be in compliance with the law; second, the legally enforced intervention has to pursue a legitimate aim; third, there is a necessity for the restriction. Based on the given grounds, it seems that there are legitimate bases for restricting free speech which does not violate the rights of a liberal democratic society but rather helps to protect the society. Word Count: 2510 words Bibliography Books Article 19, Prohibiting Incitement to Discrimination, Hostility or Violence  (Article 19 2012) Barendt E,  Freedom of Speech  (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2005) Beatson J and Cripps YM,  Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Information  (Oxford University Press 2002) Devlin P,  The Enforcement of Morals  (Oxford University Press 1965) Feinberg J,  Harm to Others: The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law  (Oxford University Press 1984) Fiss OM,  The Irony of Free Speech  (Harvard University Press 1998) Fuller LL,  The Morality of Law  (Yale University Press 1969) Hare I and Weinstein J,  Extreme Speech and Democracy  (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2010) Mill J, On Liberty (Penguin Books 2010) Mill JS,  Collected Works of John Stuart Mill  (John Mercel Robson (ed), Routledge 2011) Waldron J, The Harm in Hate Speech (Harvard University Press 2012) Warburton N,  Free Speech: A Very Short Introduction  (Oxford University Press 2009) Wragg PM,  Critiquing the UK Judiciarys Response to Article 10 Post-HRA  (University of Durham 2009) Articles Bennett C, ‘Expression, Freedom of Speech and the State’ (2017) 8 Jurisprudence 360 Dworkin R, ‘A New Map of Censorship’ (2006) 35 Index on Censorship 130 Emerson T, ‘The Right of Privacy and Freedom of the Press’ [1979] 14 Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Law Review 329 Flahvin A, ‘Can Legislation Prohibiting Hate Speech Be Justified in Light of Free Speech Principles’ [1995] 18 UNSW Law Journal 328 Heinze E, ‘Viewpoint Absolutism and Hate Speech’ (2006) 69 Modern Law Review 543 Mendel T,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœRestricting Freedom of Expression: Standards and Principles’  (Centre for Law and Democracy) Sottiaux S and Rummens S, ‘Concentric Democracy: Resolving the Incoherence in the European Court of Human Rights Case Law on Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Association (2012) 10 International Journal of Constitutional Law 106 Strossen N, ‘Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?’ (1990) 1990 Duke Law Journal 554 Van Alstyne WW, ‘Freedom of Speech and the Flag Anti-Desecration Amendment: Antinomies of Constitutional Choice’ (1991) 29 Free Speech Yearbook 96 Yong C, ‘Does Freedom Of Speech Include Hate Speech?’ (2011) 17 Res Publica 385 Table of Treaties and Legislations African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (adopted 27 June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986) (1982) 21 ILM 58 American Convention on Human Rights (signed 22 November 1969, entered into force 18 July 1978) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended) Criminal Justice Act 2003 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) Malicious Communications Act 1988 (amended 2003) Public Order Act 1996 Race and Religious Hatred Act 2006 United States Constitution Bill of Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) UNGA Res 217 A(III) Table of Cases Handyside v UK App No 5493/72 (7 December 1976) Lingens v Austria App No 9815/82 (8 July 1986) Malcolm Ross v Canada Comm No 736/1997 (18 October 2000) Mavlonov v Uzbekistan Comm No 1334/2004 (27 April 2009) R v Keegstra (1990) 3 SCR 697 RAV v City of St Pauls 505 US 377 (1992) Schenck v United States 249 US 47 (1919) Shin v Republic of Korea Comm No 926/2000 (25 April 2000) Snyder v Phelps 562 US 443 (2011) The Observer and Guardian v The United Kingdom 51/1990/242/313 (24 October 1991) The Sunday Times v United Kingdom App No 6538/74 (26 April 1979) Thorgeirson v Iceland Appl No 13778/88 (25 June 1992) [1] Nigel Warburton,  Free Speech: A Very Short Introduction  (Oxford University Press 2009) 3. [2] Jack Beatson and Yvonne M Cripps,  Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Information  (Oxford University Press 2002) 17-20. [3] Lon L Fuller,  The Morality of Law  (Yale University Press 1969) 185-186. [4] ibid. [5] ibid. [6] ibid. 7 Ronald Dworkin, ‘A New Map of Censorship’ (2006) 35 Index on Censorship 130. [8] Nadine Strossen, ‘Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?’ (1990) 1990 Duke Law Journal 554. [9] ibid 559. [10] Eric Heinze, ‘Viewpoint Absolutism and Hate Speech’ (2006) 69 Modern Law Review 543. [11] Article 19, Prohibiting Incitement to Discrimination, Hostility or Violence  (Article 19 2012). [12] Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) UNGA Res 217 A(III) art 19. [13] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) art 19. [14] ibid. [15] ibid. [16] Toby Mendel,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœRestricting Freedom of Expression: Standards and Principles’  (Centre for Law and Democracy). [17] American Convention on Human Rights (signed 22 November 1969, entered into force 18 July 1978) art 13. [18] Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended) art 10. [19] African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (adopted 27 June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986) (1982) 21 ILM 58, art 9. [20] Warburton (n 1) 8. [21] ibid. [22] Schenck v United States 249 US 47 (1919). [23] Warburton (n 1) 9. [24] ibid. [25] Jeremy Waldron, The Harm in Hate Speech (Harvard University Press 2012). [26] John Stuart Mill,  Collected Works of John Stuart Mill  (John Mercel Robson (ed), Routledge 2011). [27] Christopher Bennett, ‘Expression, Freedom of Speech and the State’ (2017) 8 Jurisprudence 360. [28] Joel Feinberg,  Harm to Others: The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law  (Oxford University Press 1984). [29] Waldron (n 25) 169. [30] Patrick Devlin,  The Enforcement of Morals  (Oxford University Press 1965) 14. [31] Mendel (n 16) 3. [32] ICCPR (n 13) art 19(3). [33] The Sunday Times v United Kingdom App No 6538/74 (26 April 1979) para 49. [34] The Observer and Guardian v The United Kingdom 51/1990/242/313 (24 October 1991). [35] Thorgeirson v Iceland Appl No 13778/88 (25 June 1992) para 63. [36] Stefan Sottiaux and Stefan Rummens, ‘Concentric Democracy: Resolving the Incoherence in the European Court of Human Rights Case Law on Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Association (2012) 10 International Journal of Constitutional Law 106. [37] ECHR (n 18) art 10(2). [38] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 2. [39] R v Keegstra (1990) 3 SCR 697. [40] Ivan Hare and James Weinstein,  Extreme Speech and Democracy  (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2010). [41] Race and Religious Hatred Act 2006, s 29 (j). [42] Public Order Act 1996. [43] See also Malicious Communications Act 1988 (amended 2003); Race and Religious Hatred Act 2006; Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, ss 145-146; Criminal Justice Act 2003. [44] First Amendment of the United States Constitution Bill of Rights. [45] Snyder v Phelps 562 US 443 (2011). [46] Anne Flahvin, ‘Can Legislation Prohibiting Hate Speech Be Justified in Light of Free Speech Principles’ [1995] 18 UNSW Law Journal 328. [47] Lingens v Austria App No 9815/82 (8 July 1986) paras 39-40. [48] Handyside v UK App No 5493/72 (7 December 1976). [49] Shin v Republic of Korea Comm No 926/2000 (25 April 2000). [50] Thomas Emerson, ‘The Right of Privacy and Freedom of the Press’ [1979] 14 Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Law Review 329, 331. [51] Eric Barendt,  Freedom of Speech  (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2005) 38. [52] Caleb Yong, ‘Does Freedom Of Speech Include Hate Speech?’ (2011) 17 Res Publica 385. [53] Mavlonov v Uzbekistan Comm No 1334/2004 (27 April 2009) para 4.2. [54] Warburton (n 1) 26. [55] John Mill, On Liberty (Penguin Books 2010) 27. [56] ICCPR (n 13) art 19(2). [57] Mavlonov v Uzbekistan (n 53) para 2.6. [58] ibid. [59] Mill (n 55) 28. [60] RAV v City of St Pauls 505 US 377 (1992). [61] Owen M Fiss,  The Irony of Free Speech  (Harvard University Press 1998). [62] ICCPR (n 13) art 20(2). [63] ibid. [64] Bennett (n 27). [65] ibid. [66] ibid. [67] Malcolm Ross v Canada Comm No 736/1997 (18 October 2000). [68] ibid para 6.3. [69] ibid para 6.9. [70] ibid para 6.10. [71] ibid para 7.2. [72] ibid. [73] Paul Martin Wragg,  Critiquing the UK Judiciarys Response to Article 10 Post-HRA  (University of Durham 2009) 103. [74] ibid 104. [75] Mill (n 55) 30. [76] WW Van Alstyne, ‘Freedom of Speech and the Flag Anti-Desecration Amendment: Antinomies of Constitutional Choice’ (1991) 29 Free Speech Yearbook 96. [77] ICCPR (n 13) art 26. [78] ibid art 19(3). [79] ECHR (n 18) art 10(2). [80] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 2. [81] Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006; Public Order Act 1996; Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008; Malicious Communications Act 1988 (amended 2003); and Criminal Justice Act 2003.

Critical Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essays -- The R

Critical Analysis of Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken The speaker in Robert Frost's 'The Road Not Taken' gives the reader insight into human nature with each line of poetry. While, Frost had not originally intended for this to be an inspirational poem, line by line, the speaker is encouraging each reader to seek out his or her own personal path in the journey of life. Romanticizing the rural woods of New England creates the perfect setting for the theme of self-discovery laid out and described by the speaker. Robert Frost's original intent in writing the poem was not to convey the inspiration that it has for almost a hundred years. He had written the poem to poke fun at his friend, Edward Thomas, with whom he had taken many walks. Thomas was hesitant and always wondering what would happen if he had chosen a different path (http://www.yoga.com/raw/readings/frost_road.html). In fact, Frost sent the poem to his friend, then in France, and got the response, ?What are you trying to do with me (http://www.libarts.sfasu.edu/Frost/PopPoems.html). However, Frost did see the impact the poem was having and stated, 'Do not follow where the path may lead?Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.' The speaker communicates many things in the first stanza of the poem. The first line, ?Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,? uses imagery with the color yellow, the color of gold, to show that the speaker sees an opportunity ahead of him. The two roads symbolizes the choices and consequences he must choose. The next line, ?And sorry I could not travel both,? illustrates how difficult it is to make a choice. It is impossible not to wonder what could happen by choosing the other road and what he could be missing out on. ?And being one traveler long I stood,? shows how the speaker would like to be in two places at once. Unable to accomplish this, he takes a long time to decide on what he should do. Finally, the speaker describes studying the first option, looking as far into the future as he possibly could with the lines, ?And looked down one as far as I could to where it bent in the undergrowth.? The speaker continues to convey his message in the second stanza of ?The Road Not Taken.? In the opening line of this part of the poem, the speaker says, ?Then took the other, as just as fair.? Here, he is turning his attention to the second road... ...ng the road he eventually chose made him the person he is. In being forced to choose and face the consequences, he was afraid to make a wrong decision. He is better off for having even made any decision at all instead of standing there, procrastinating. Although one person cannot take all the roads in life, trying to choose everything will leave that person just as empty as choosing the wrong path. In finally choosing, he changes the direction of his life and encourages the reader to explore new territory or create something new. Above all, one has to be true to himself and follow his heart. The speaker, throughout Robert Frost?s ?The Road Not Taken,? is a way of identifying with the reader through basic human feelings and struggles. Everyone faces hard decisions and feels the struggle within to choose the right path on which to base his or her life. It is how we choose and how we deal with what is down the road that makes us who we are. Works Cited Baym, Nina, et. al. The Norton Anthology of American Liturature. 5th edition. Vol.II. New York: Norton, 1998. http://www.yoga.com/raw/readings/frost_road.html) http://www.libarts.sfasu.edu/Frost/PopPoems.html

My School Essay

I,________,have been a part of the _________School District my entire life. For me school has been a mixture of emotions. Some years I loved school and learning and other years I hated school and felt as if I would never amount to anything. The movie Stand and Deliver made me wonder how much better of a student I could have been if all my teachers cared as much as Mr. Escalante. In elementary school I had mixed emotions. I loved school up until about 3rd grade but then I started to hate school. It became harder for me to get good grades and I felt dumb. Many of my teachers also had my sister, who was an A+ student so they would always make statement about how I should follow in her footsteps and such. But I was never as smart as her or good at school like she was. Once I was in the 3rd grade I began to struggle with all subjects except reading, once this struggle began I started to care less about school and grades. Middle school is where things began to turn around for me. In the 6th grade I had Mr. Pollock as one of my teachers. He was the most caring teacher I have ever had,  he showed me I could do anything I put my mind too and he pushed me to succeed the way Mr. Escalante pushed his students. In the movie Mr. Escalante says â€Å"Students will rise to the level of expectations† and this is exactly what my teacher did to me, he set the expectations high and then pushed me to exceed them. High school was another good experience. I always was a â€Å"teacher’s pet† and got good grades without really trying. I never studied while in high school and was very involved in extracurricular activities. This was good for me then but has caused me problems now. Now that I am in college and have to study and really work hard I don’t do as good as I would like. In my opinion my past schooling has set me up to fail in college. Even though I was taught the things I needed to be taught. I didn’t learn to push myself. I got by either just barely or passing with flying colors†¦ I, Thanh Nguyen, I have been grown up in Vietnam, so I went to elementary, middle, high school there. And the education is a lots harder here in States. For me school has been a mixture of emotions. Some years I loved school and learning and other years I hated school and felt as if I would never amount to anything. In elementary school I had mixed emotions. I loved school up until about 5rd grade but then I started to hate school In my opinion my past schooling has set me up to fail in college. Even though I was taught the things I needed to be taught. I didn’t learn to push myself. I got by either just barely or passing with flying colors†¦

An Introduction to the Dunning-Kruger Effect

An Introduction to the Dunning-Kruger Effect At one point or another, you’ve probably heard someone speak with confidence on a topic that they actually know almost nothing about. Psychologists have studied this topic, and they’ve suggested a somewhat surprising explanation, known as the Dunning-Kruger effect: when people don’t know much about a topic, they’re often actually unaware of the limits of their knowledge, and think they know more than they actually do. Below, we’ll review what the Dunning-Kruger effect is, discuss how it affects people’s behavior, and explore ways that people can become more knowledgeable and overcome the Dunning-Kruger effect. What is the Dunning-Kruger Effect? The Dunning-Kruger effect refers to the finding that people who are relatively unskilled or unknowledgeable in a particular subject sometimes have the tendency to overestimate their knowledge and abilities.   In a set of studies testing this effect, researchers Justin Kruger and David Dunning asked participants to complete tests of their skills in a particular domain (such as humor or logical reasoning).   Then, participants were asked to guess how well they had done on the test.   They found that participants tended to overestimate their abilities, and this effect was most pronounced among participants with the lowest scores on the test.   For example, in one study, participants were given a set of practice LSAT problems to complete. Participants who actually scored in the bottom 25% guessed that their score put them in the 62nd percentile of participants. Why Does the Dunning-Kruger Effect Happen? In an interview with Forbes, David Dunning explains that â€Å"the knowledge and intelligence that are required to be good at a task are often the same qualities needed to recognize that one is not good at that task.†Ã‚   In other words, if someone knows very little about a particular topic, they may not even know enough about the topic to realize that their knowledge is limited. Importantly, someone may be highly skilled in one area, but be susceptible to the Dunning-Kruger effect in another domain. This means that everyone can potentially be affected by the Dunning-Kruger effect: Dunning explains in an article for Pacific Standard that â€Å"it may be sorely tempting to think this doesn’t apply to you. But the problem of unrecognized ignorance is one that visits us all.†Ã‚   In other words, the Dunning-Kruger effect is something that can happen to anyone. What About People Who Actually Are Experts? If people who know quite little about a topic think they’re experts, what do experts think of themselves? When Dunning and Kruger conducted their studies, they also looked at people who were quite skilled at the tasks (those scoring in the top 25% of participants).   They found that these participants tended to have a more accurate view of their performance than participants in the bottom 25%, but they actually had a tendency  to underestimate how they did relative to other participants- although they typically guessed their performance was above average, they didn’t realize quite how well they had done. As a TED-Ed video explains, â€Å"Experts tend to be aware of just how knowledgeable they are. But they often make a different mistake: They assume that everyone else is knowledgeable too.† Overcoming the Dunning-Kruger Effect What can people do to overcome the Dunning-Kruger effect?   A TED-Ed video on the Dunning-Kruger effect offers some advice: â€Å"keep learning.†Ã‚   In fact, in one of their famous studies, Dunning and Kruger had some of the participants take a logic test and then complete a short training on logical reasoning. After the training, the participants were asked to assess how they’d done on the previous test. The researchers found that the training made a difference: afterwards, the participants who scored in the bottom 25% lowered their estimate of how well they thought they had done on the preliminary test. In other words, one way to overcome the Dunning-Kruger effect may be to learn more about a topic. However, when learning more about a topic, it’s important to make sure that we avoid confirmation bias, which is â€Å"the tendency to accept evidence that confirms our beliefs and to reject evidence that contradicts them.†Ã‚   As Dunning explains, overcoming the Dunning-Kruger effect can sometimes be a complicated process, especially if it forces us to realize that we were previously misinformed. His advice? He explains that â€Å"the trick is to be your own devil’s advocate: to think through how your favored conclusions might be misguided; to ask yourself how you might be wrong, or how things might turn out differently from what you expect.† The Dunning-Kruger effect suggests that we may not always know as much as we think we do- in some domains, we may not know enough about a topic to realize that we are unskilled. However, by challenging ourselves to learn more and by reading about opposing views, we can work to overcome the Dunning-Kruger effect. References Dunning, D. (2014).   We are all confident idiots.   Pacific Standard.   https://psmag.com/social-justice/confident-idiots-92793 Hambrick, D.Z. (2016).   The psychology of the breathtakingly stupid mistake.   Scientific American Mind.   https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-psychology-of-the-breathtakingly-stupid-mistake/ Kruger, J., Dunning, D. (1999).   Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing ones own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.   Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121-1134. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12688660_Unskilled_and_Unaware_of_It_How_Difficulties_in_Recognizing_Ones_Own_Incompetence_Lead_to_Inflated_Self-Assessments Lopez, G. (2017).   Why incompetent people often think they’re actually the best.   Vox.   https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/11/18/16670576/dunning-kruger-effect-video Murphy, M. (2017).   The Dunning-Kruger effect shows why some people think theyre great even when their work is terrible.   Forbes.   https://www.forbes.com/sites/markmurphy/2017/01/24/the-dunning-kruger-effect-shows-why-some-people-think-theyre-great-even-when-their-work-is-terrible/#1ef2fc125d7c Wednesday Studio (Director) (2017).   Why incompetent people think they’re amazing.   TED-Ed.   https://www.youtube.com/watch?vpOLmD_WVY-E

Endocytosis Essay Example

Endocytosis Essay Example Endocytosis Essay Endocytosis Essay WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT ROUTES OF ENDOCYTOSIS THAT HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND HOW MAY THEY FIT INTO AN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF VESICLE TRAFFICKING? Abstraction Endocytosis is a complex serious of events which occurs in the bulk of eucaryotic cells. There are a broad scope of endocytic tracts which are undertaken taken by a figure of beings. By utilizing experimental information we look to see whether there is an evolutionary relationship in respects to the path of endocytosis taken and whether these fit into a tract of cyst trafficking. Many experiments have been carried out and utilize techniques such as time-lapse imagination and phyletic analysis. Time lapse imagination allows us to see the procedures happening in existent clip and phyletic analysis shows us how the organisms relate in footings of protein interactions. By looking at a scope of organisms e.g. Dictyostelium, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ( barm ) , trypanosomes, Caenorhabiditis elegans, Tetrahymena and mammals, and specific protein interactions eg. Dynamin, AP-2, we are able to see the extent as to whether the different paths of endocytosis tantrum into an evolutionary history of cyst trafficking. Overall, it is apparent that there is a relationship between the path of endocytosis taken and the history of cyst trafficking, nevertheless the strength of this relationship is non every bit clear as one may believe. Introduction Endocytosis is a cardinal membrane trafficking procedure which takes topographic point in a big sum of eucaryotic cells. This procedure allows a scope of membrane constituents and extracellular stuff to be internalised into cysts formed from the plasma membrane ( fig.1 ) . These cysts are so delivered to the early and late endosomes, and are finally recycled back to the membrane or degraded with the lysosome. Endocytosis is a wide term which includes a scope of different tracts. The procedure of endocytosis is tightly controlled and a scope of different proteins and interactions need to be considered in order for a greater apprehension of what might look a simple cellular procedure. Although this is a general definition for endocytosis, some of the endoytic tracts do non follow this exact tract. For illustration, phagocytosis, here cells engulf solid atoms and organize an internal phagosome. In add-on, endocytosis besides plays a cardinal function in the ordinance of many intracellul ar cascade events, mitosis and cell migration. The protein Clathrin was foremost discovered in 1975 by B. Pearse, and since a great trade of research has been performed in this country. Clathrin is composed of three heavy ironss ( CHC ) each with an associated visible radiation concatenation ( CLC ) , and forms a triskele form. The heavy concatenation is a polypeptide with five functionally distinguishable parts: a ball-shaped N-terminal, a curving part, the knee, which divides the polypeptide into the proximal and distal countries, and the C-terminal hub sphere which mediates trimerization ( fig.2 ) ( Newpher et al, 2005 ) . In the event of interactions between the proximal and distal leg a closed basket construction signifiers. This occurs in Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis ( CME ) and maps to environ the cysts. It has been suggested that the light concatenation of Clathrin regulates the assembly province of Clathrin triskeles ( Wendland and Baggett,2001 ) . However, it has besides been suggested that clathrin visible radiation concatenation may non be every bit of import as some literature suggests. OHalloran et Al, performed a scope of experiments in vitro in different beings in order to characterize CLC. First, they showed that by depriving a triskele of CLC it still self-assembled into a clathrin lattice ( Lemmon et al, 2006 ) . Second, they compared the map of CLC in two different organisms- Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( budding barm ) and Dictyostelium, In barm they showed that CLC contributes to the trimerization of clathrin into triskeles and the dismantling of triskeles from membranes, conversely, in Dictyostelium, they showed that the light concatenation does non lend to heavy concatenation stableness or trimerization. This finally shows that CLC does non play the same map in all beings. ( OHalloran et al, 2003 ) . CME is the most common path for the procedure by and large known as receptor-mediated endocytosis, CME is the procedure where cells internalise molecules, the molecules which are to be taken into the cell bind to a receptor on the plasma membrane. These molecules are so invaginated into the cell by the plasma membrane and specific proteins coat the receptors and so are internalised into the cells and sent to specific countries within the cell. During this procedure cavities are formed which are known as Clathrin Coated Pits ( CCP ) . Clathrin coated cysts ( CCV ) besides play a cardinal portion in CME, the CCV is packed with a broad scope of transmembrane receptors and their ligands, lading adapters allow the packaging to happen. CCV s are besides able to bud from different intracellular compartments ; budding is enabled by usage of a scope of adapter proteins. Therefore, in the cell there are assorted signifiers of CCV s. Adapters are of import as they select the lading which is included in the coated cysts, for the procedures that occur in the late secretory and endocytic tracts. Research has shown there are four adapter proteins in this household ( AP-1, AP-2, AP-3 and AP-4 ) . AP-1 and AP-2 have an copiousness of Clathrin in the cell. These adapter proteins work in order to advance the assembly of Clathrin in vitro. AP-1 is found on the trans-Golgi web and endosomes, nevertheless, AP-2 is found at the plasma membrane ( Rappoport et al,2006 ) . AP-3 and AP-4 nevertheless are non enriched in Clathrin-coated cysts, they have been shown to work independently of clathrin ( Robinson,2004 ) . It has been shown that both AP-3 and AP-4 are used in screening procedures. Adaptor proteins vary in different beings, veterbrates and workss have all 4 adapter proteins whereas Drosophilia, Caenorhabiditis elegans and Saccharomyces cervisiae ( Yeast ) merely have three ( Lemmon et al, 2005 ) . A recent reappraisal has stated that all four composites did germinate early on but as a consequence of selective force per unit area they have been lost. Adaptor and accessary proteins are peculiarly of import in CME, the accessary protein AP-2 coordinates clathrin nucleation at the plasma membrane whilst the others play helping functions in the assembly of clathrin coated cysts ( Lundmark R, Carlsson SR, 2003 ; Yoshida et Al, 2004 ; Peter et Al, 2004 ) . Dynamin is an of import protein in endocytosis ; it is a 96kDa multidomain GTPase ( Ramachandran et al, 2007 ) . The exact function of dynamin is still ill-defined ; nevertheless there are two proposed mechanisms on how it works in order to derive a deeper apprehension. The first theoretical account is known as the Mechanochemical theoretical account, here GTP binds doing dynamin to piece at the cervix of invaginated coated cavities doing bottleneck. Subsequent assembly stimulated by GTP hydrolysis causes a conjunct conformational alteration bring forthing the needed force for membrane fission. The 2nd proposed mechanism is the Regulatory mechanism ; here dynamin maps as a regulative GTPase ( Hinshaw and Schmid, 1995 ; Warnock and Schmid, 1996 ; Schmid et Al, 1999 ; ) . The GTP edge dynamin controls a scope of effecters which mediate cyst formation. The ego assembly activates an internal GAP sphere ( GED ) , this negatively regulates dynamins maps and besides terminates dynamin-effec tor proteins. These two theoretical accounts have been supported by a series of experiments in Escherichia coli- expressed GED. This is used as a platform for mutagenesis, nevertheless, new penetrations into this theoretical account have since come frontward, and it is now believed that there is a double function for dynamin in endocytic CCV formation. Surveies suggest that early endocytic procedure are controlled by unassembled dynamin, this is targeted to coated cavities, here it can move as either a timer or a fidelity proctor, this early map of dynamin is dependent on the basal rate of GTP hydrolysis, it is negatively regulated by GED ( Schmid and Pucadyil, 2008 ) . During the ulterior phases of CCV formation, dynamin assembles into a short, transeunt neckband around the cervix of deeply invaginated cavities and causes membrane fission. Dynamin switches its function, from an assembled phase to an unassembled province, this assembly switch is really tightly regulated in order for successful endocytic events ( Schmid et al,2009 ) . G Protein-coupled receptor ( GPCR ) endocytosis is another clathrin dependent mechanism of endocytosis. The protein ?-arrestin is used in GPCR internalization, this protein interacts with AP-2 and clathrin. GPCR s are split into two categories ( Classify A and Class B ) , this is dependent on their affinities for ?-arrestins. For illustration ?-adrenergic and  µ-opioid are in category A as they form low affinity transient composites, whereas angiotensin II type 1A and vasopressin 2 receptors are classed in category B as they have similar affinities for ?-arrestin proteins and organize high-affinity stable composites. This leads to internalization of the receptor-?-arrestin composite. A scope of experiments have been performed to demo that ?-arrestin and AP-2 interact instead than clathrin as the indispensable aiming measure which recruits GPCR s to coated cavities ( Laporte et al, 2000 ; Gaidarov et al,1999 ) . When CME is interrupted the consumption of lading is non as efficient and sometimes ceases. As this tract is blocked it is interesting to observe that lading is still able to come in the cell, hence deducing that another tract is present- one which is independent of Clathrin. Information sing this tract is non good understood as it is difficult to by experimentation turn out that this tract exists unless unflurried cells are used. In add-on, there are merely a few endogenous, non-cargo proteins which associate with Clathrin independent endocytosis ( CIE ) that have been identified, due to the deficiency of information one can non see how this relates straight to CIE. The literature suggests that one of the CIE paths is known as the Caveolae pathway. This tract associates with the proteins Caveolin, there are three caveolin proteins in mammals, specifically found in certain countries, Caveolin-1 and 2 are by and large found in non-muscle cells, whereas caveolin-3 is mostly found in musculuss.The protein Caveolin-1 is enriched with caveola, there is around 100-200 molecules per cavolae whereas Caveolin-2 does non look necessary for calveolar formation, nevertheless it does play a cardinal function in some constructions ( Pelkmans and Zerial, 2005 ) . Caveolae are a little ( 50-100nm ) type of lipoid raft which are found on the plasma membrane, they appear to be uncoated and flask shaped. It has been shown that overexpression of Caveolin-1 is sufficient to bring forth flask molded introversions ; these are morphologically identical from caveolae in normal cells, hence turn outing that caveolin-1 is of import for the biosynthesis of caveolar ( Lipardi et al, 1998 ) ( fig.5 ) .The cavities formed appear to undergo formation in the Golgi composite ; it is in the Golgi composite where they get detergent unsolvability and cholesterin association with caveolin-1. It has been shown that cholesterin depletion additions caveolin1 mobility and flattening of caveolae in the plasma membrane. However, despite these positions, the function ofcaveolin1 in the operation and the compostion of caveolae and associated proteins is still non good understood. The cavolae are thought to tie in with cholesterin, glycolipids and GPI-anchored membrane prot eins. However, some similarities have been shown with CME in respects to proteins used in CIE ( Rothberg et al, 1992 ) . For illustration, similar protein constituents are used such as actin, dynamin, cortactin and epsin. This has led to the inquiry, is at that place a common mechanism that is regulated otherwise within each tract or cell type? Surveies have late shown, that some of the ligand/receptor composites are able to be internalised through distinguishable uptake mechanisms. Initially in the caveolae pathway the cysts pinch of from the plasma membrane, from here they can take one of two paths, they can present their contents to endosomes-like constituents or to the plasma membrane on the opposite side of polarised cells ( Pelkmans and Zerial, 2005 ) . Another path of CIE is the CLIC/GEEC tract, this tract uses CLIC ( Clathrin-Independent Carriers ) and GEEC ( GPI Enriched Endocytic compartments ) in order for consumption ( fig.6 ) . This tract relies on cellular signalling and activation via G Proteins. Surveies have shown that endocytic constructions co-localise with the protein GRAF-1. GRAF-1 is a protein which regulates the CLIC/GEEC tract. The cysts are internalised in this tract with the aid of the GRAF-1 protein ( Lundmark et Al, 2008 ) . The above paths of endocytosis are non the lone types ; other types include Phagocytosis, macropinocytosis and entosis. However for the intent of this reappraisal they will non be looked at in item. Vesicle trafficking is a characteristic in all cells ; it is the procedure of lading conveyance between a scope of cell organs, the cell and its milieus. Endocytosis is seen as a method of cyst trafficking, after introversion at the plasma membrane, the cyst is internalised and is moved to cell organs such as the lysosome. Cargo and molecules which are required in other parts of the cell are so moved to where they are needed. In order to see how the paths of endocytosis may suit into an evolutionary history of cyst trafficking, it will be utile to analyze the paths of endocytosis and cyst trafficking in a scope of beings. The being which will be the focal point of this literature reappraisal are Dictyostelium, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ( barm ) , trypanosomes, Caenorhabiditis elegans and mammals. Concentrating on these beings will enable us to see how endocytosis has developed, and we can besides see the similarities and differences in their endocytic and trafficking procedures in order to reply the initial inquiry. Methods In order to seek for appropriate scientific literature for this reappraisal, I used two scientific paper hunt engines. The first hunt engine which I used was PubMed ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ ) , this hunt engine was chosen due to usability and its clear layout. In add-on, as information on PubMed is from a scope of different scientific diaries it allowed me to research the range of the subject and therefore take the best documents for the reappraisal. The 2nd hunt engine I used was Scirus ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scirus.com/ ) , this was used in order to happen any extra documents which were non included in my initial hunt on PubMed. Scirus has a clear user interface which is helpful when seeking to aim a specific paper, although many of the articles on Scirus are besides available on PubMed. Therefore, for this literature reappraisal PubMed was the favoured hunt engine. In order to happen relevant documents I split the rubric into three matching subdivisions which make up the rubric of the reappraisal, foremost, I searched for documents which described the paths of endocytosis and the proteins which are involved in endocytosis. My 2nd subdivision was looking into cyst trafficking with an accent on endocytosis as the chief manner of cyst trafficking. The last subdivision was looking at a scope of beings and to see how endocytosis differs within these beings in order to derive an apprehension of the evolutionary history of cyst trafficking. As the rubric is rather wide, keywords were required in order to derive specific documents which would be utile for the intents of the reappraisal. The chief keywords which were used in seeking for documents were: Endocytosis , Vesicle Trafficking , evolution , dynamin , Clathrin , C.Elegans , Yeast , Actin , mamamals/mammalian , Trypanosome , AP-2 , G-Proteins , CLIC/GEEC and Dictyostelium . These keywords entirely each receive 100s of consequences on PubMed or Scirus, in order to decide this job the keywords were combined with each other in order to derive more specific consequences. For illustration, in seeking for endocytosis in the being C.Elegans, I typed Endocytosis AND C.Elegans. This made sure that both of these particulars were included in the hunt. In some instances where I wanted to derive specific information I used the word NOT in between two hunt keywords in order to extinguish this term looking in the hunt consequences. In add-on, as the subject of this literature reappraisal has been researched rather intensely, I specified from which twelvemonth I wanted the documents from, this enabled me to derive the most up to day of the month literature for this reappraisal. In add-on, where reappraisals were required, I typed REVIEW after my keywords. This enabled me to contract down my hunt rather drastically. In add-on, I found that seting keywords in brackets b esides enabled me to contract down my hunt, when the word OR was placed in between, the sum of consequences I received besides decreased. PubMed and Scirus do non hold an option to merely take primary documents, in order to happen primary documents for this reappraisal I used a combination of the above keywords. From the consequences of the keywords, I read through the abstracts, where there was a clear hypothesis and clear methods stated for experiments I deduced that these where the original documents. By reading and analyzing the documents consequences and methods I chose these documents as the original primary research documents for this reappraisal. Consequences Result of Search Strategies Search Footings Database Used Year Number of Hits Remarks Endocytosis Scirus 232,345 Excessively many, need to contract down hunt. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking Scirus 28,172 Far excessively many, perchance change hunt engine. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND development Pubmed 8 Read through abstracts. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND dynamin Scirus 6,718 Excessively many, change hunt engine. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND dynamin Pubmed 56 Specify documents from the past 5 old ages. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND dynamin ( Year Or Year etc ) Pubmed 2004-2009 23 Read through abstracts. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND clathrin Pubmed 98 Excessively many, cut down hunt. Specify old ages. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND clathrin Pubmed 2000-2009 33 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND development AND Tetrahymena Scirus 390 Change hunt engine. Endocytosis AND development AND Tetrahymena Pubmed 15 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND clathrin independent AND cyst trafficking Pubmed 28 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND AP-2 Pubmed 13 Read abstracts. Mammals AND ( Endocytosis OR Vesicle Trafficking ) Scirus 2000 onwards 28,0000 Far excessively many, change hunt engine, many irrelevant consequences. Mammals AND ( Endocytosis OR Vesicle Trafficking ) Pubmed 2331 Excessively many narrow down hunt. Mammals AND Endocytosis AND Vesicle trafficking AND ( Clathrin or Dynamin ) Pubmed 13 Read abstracts. C. Elegans AND endocytosis AND cyst trafficking Pubmed 2000 onwards 15 Read abstracts. Yeast AND endocytosis AND cyst trafficking Pubmed 68 Excessively many, kind by old ages. 26 found after stipulating old ages. Yeast AND endocytosis AND cyst trafficking AND development Pubmed 2 Read abstracts. Yeast AND endocytosis AND development AND ( AP-2 OR dynamin ) Scirus 1999 onwards 35 Read abstracts. CLIC/GEEC AND endocytosis AND cell organs AND cyst trafficking Pubmed 3 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND development AND clathrin AND ( Trypanosome OR Dictyostelium ) Pubmed 14 Read Abstractions. Endocytosis AND G-proteins AND AP-2 AND GPCR Pubmed 5 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND dynamin AND development Pubmed 10 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND dictyostelium AND development Pubmed 22 Read abstracts. Endocytosis AND microscopy AND development AND clathrin Pubmed 10 Read abstracts. The tabular array below summarises the findings which have contributed grounds to the literature reappraisal. Mention Key Findingss Protocol/Comments Aguiler et Al, 2006 Show that ENTH sphere is necessary and suffice for viabilitu of ent1 and ent2 cells. Espsins contribute to ordinance of specific cdc42 signalling tracts in barm. Mutational analysis was carried out. Sequence homology surveies were besides undertaken. Cells visualised by microscopy. Allen et Al, 2003 Show that clathrin mediated endocytosis is the major path for endocytosis in Trypanosoma brucei. Besides shows that there were developmental fluctuations in clathrin map in Trypanosomes. Double stranded RNA was expressed and examined, compared this with CHC proteins. Microscopy besides used to visualize. Dacks et al, 2007 Show that ?3 and ?4 adaptin and other adaptin complex fractional monetary units evolved before LCEA. Besides show that many enodcytic compartments evolved independently and convergently after they diversified into the primary eucaryotic supergroups. Phylogentic analysis of endocytic syntaxins, Rab5, ?-adaptins was undertaken. Elde et al,2005 Show the precise function of dynamin in Tetrahymena, besides look at the mechanisms of aiming, and how this differs in metazoans and ciliophorans. Cells were tagged with GFP, TIRFM was so used. Phylogenetic analysis was besides used, uptake checks carried out. Hall et Al, 2004 TbRAB5A and TbRAB5B are required for endocytosis in trypanosomes. They besides showed that there are many alternate paths for endocytosis in this being. RNA intervention was used to happen the comparative importance of TbRAB5A and TBRAB5B. Immunofluoresence and TIRFM used to visualize cells. Kaksonen et Al, 2005 Four proteins cooperate in order to drive coat formation, introversion and cyst scission. Clathrin facilitates the induction of endocytic-site assembly, but non needed for membrane introversion or cyst formation. Tagged cells with a GFP marker, and co-localised this with an Actin marker. Used TIRFM to visualize cells. Screened omission mutants. Kneuhl et Al, 2006 Distinct sites for clathrin-adaptor interaction execute different maps. Revealed new facets to the ordinance of CCV s. Mutagenesis surveies to see interactions with CHC s. Protein Purification and Binding checks. Immunofluoresence used to image cells. Liu et Al, 2009 Show that membrane curvature is coupled to biochemical reactions. Show that by utilizing their theoretical account that endocytic cyst formation has a incorporate mechanism across all eucaryotes. A theoretical account was proposed and computations were carried out. The theoretical account was proven by cells tagged and watched under microscopy. Lundmark et Al, 2003 Show how GRAF1 is able to organize little G protein signalling and membrane remodelling which allows the CLIC/GEEC tract ladings. Cells tagged with GFP. Cells were so colocalised with a protein ticket. Electron microscopy undertaken. Morgan et Al, 2003 Show that Trypanasomes have a individual dynamin household cistron which is homologous to the DRP household of DLP s. Besides show that Dynamin is non required for endocytosis. Sequence homology surveies were undertaken. Southern Blot analysis to happen related cistrons. Western Blotting and immunofluoresence checks. Newpher et Al, 2005 Cortical spots are likely to be endocytic sites. Besides showed that clathrin besides accumulates at the cerebral mantle with internalizing ?-factor receptor, Ste2p. Show that Sla2p, End3p and Pan1p are non required for clathrin assembly or exchange. Live cell imagination, used fluorescent tickets and used microscopy techniques ( eg. TIRFM ) to visualize cells. Newpher et Al, 2006 Overexpression of CLC can partly reconstruct endocytosis to cells which lack CHC. Show that this suppression is due to the Sla2p adhering part of CLC. Besides show that N-terminal Sla2p adhering part of CLC promotes the patterned advance of arrested Sla2p spots that form in the absence of CHC. To map the parts of CLC s that bind Sla2p and CHC use GST pulldown in bacteriums expressed proteins. Amino acerb sequences were besides checked, mutants and omissions were besides introduced. Immunoblotting techniques and microscopy used to visualize cells. Parton and Kirkham, 2005 Show that different tracts are able to portion the same common molecular machinery and distinguishable tracts really represent basic tracts where extra degrees of regulative composites have been added. Cells tagged with dye and fluorescent proteins. Specific proteins of involvement besides tagged. Consequences visualised under microscopy. Rappoport et Al, 2006 Show that clathrin musca volitanss which are thought to be inactive really undergo changeless fractional monetary unit exchange. Besides show that AP-2 serves a lading screening map before endocytosis. In add-on, shows a function for clathrin as a nucleation site for endocytosis. Cells tagged with EGFP-?-adaptin. Microscopy techniques such as TIRFM and epifluoresence microscopy used in order to visualize cell interactions. Robinson et Al, 2007 Showed that Caveolin-1 contributed to membrane trafficking non merely of endocytic factors but of excitant aminic acid bearer 1. Therefore shows multiple functions. RNA-mediated knock down experiments were carried out. Cells were tagged with markers and microscopy techniques used to visualize procedures. Semerdjieva et Al, 2008 Showed rate of AP-2 uncoating from CCV s was dependent on rab5. Besides showed that in vivo, overexpression of dominant rab5 lead to an addition in steady-state degrees of AP-2 associated with endocytic cysts. Antibody tagging was carried out, cells were so visualised utilizing TIRFM. Cells stopped at assorted points of endocytosis to see effects of rab5. Toshima et Al, 2005 Endocytic cyst formation is mediated by the actin cytoskeleton, motion into the cell by a extremely conjunct mode. Synthesised pheromones. Used different markers, visulaised cells with fluorescent microscopy Wendland et Al, 2006 Show that ENTH sphere is necessary and suffice for viabilitu of ent1 and ent2 cells. Espsins contribute to ordinance of specific cdc42 signalling tracts in barm. Mutational analysis was carried out. Sequence homology surveies were besides undertaken. Cells visualised by microscopy. Elucidation of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis in Tetrahymena Reveals an Evolutionary Convergent Recruitment of Dynamin. Elde et Al. ( 2005 ) PLoS Genet. 1 ( 5 ) : e52 This paper was chosen for the range of the subject. Not merely does this paper include mention to a cardinal endocytic protein- dynamin, but it looks at the manner this protein interacts in Tetrahymena which is an being of peculiar involvement. Tetrahymena is a ciliophoran ( individual celled being ) , but has a figure of tracts and subcellular constructions which are normally seen in Metazoans ( higher eucaryotic cells ) . This paper covers an array of subjects which help us to derive a deeper apprehension in the development of dynamin enlisting in Tetrahymena, this paper is one of the first to travel into such deepness. Methods Experiment 1: CME was visualised utilizing the styryl dye FMI-43.As they did non cognize whether endocytic lading molecules were present they were labelled with FMI-43. The cells were starved for two hours before the dye was applied this stoped phagosome formation. The bleached cells were so visualised over clip. Experiment 2: This dealt with the designation of adapter proteins. AP-2 is widely used in Tetrahymena as it mediates the diverse membrane trafficking events affecting clathrin in many eucaryotes. Four  µ paralogs encoding AP medium fractional monetary units have been identified ( Boehm et al, 2001 ; Morgan et Al, 2002 ) . A phylogenic analysis of the  µ fractional monetary units was undertaken in a scope of species ( Tetrahymena, Metazoans, and Arabidopsis ) and a topology produced. Once produced, the genome was observed and fractional monetary units where identified. The proteins APM1A, APM1B and APM2 were cloned and tagged in order to find whether phylogenic categorization of Tetrahymena fractional monetary units was consistent with sites of action. Experiment 3: This dealt with recognizing the specific function of dynamin in Tetrahymena as the genome contains a big figure of dynamin related proteins ( DRP s ) . The protein of involvement used in this experiment was Drp1p. Heterkaryon strains which carried transcripts of Drp1 were besides mated. The protein was tagged and visualised, it so underwent Southern Analysis, immunofluorescence was so used. The cells were placed in Cadmium and subsequently removed and the FM1-43 consumption was observed and compared to wt cells. Allele break experiments were besides undertaken. Experiment 4: This experiment dealt with Drp1 s relationship to the classical endocytic dynamin, here phyletic comparings of dynamins and DRP s were carried out. The experiment besides included seven extra DRP s in the Tetrahymena genome and nine from a 2nd available ciliophoran genome. Key Findingss Each experiment contributed good findings. Experiment one showed that after 20 proceedingss of being exposed to FM1-43 dye, the bulk of the puncta appeared to hold colocalised and accumulated in the cell posterior. By transporting out a kinetic analysis of the FM1-43 consumption, they showed that this resembled the expected form of an endocytic tract arising from coated cavities near radical organic structures. This therefore suggests the being of a localized endosomal compartment ( fig.A ) . The intent of experiment 2 was to bring forth a tree which supported early variegation which was already identified. A tree was constructed in order to demo the findings ( fig.B ) . In experiment 3, after the proteins

The development process in Sweden reflects the success and efficiency Essay

The development process in Sweden reflects the success and efficiency of the fiscal policies of the government - Essay Example The United Nations Development Program has developed several indicators to assess and analyze the economic and employment status of the various countries of the world. The HDI and the HPI are examples of the human development indicators that are developed to give a notion about a country’s economic variables, such as poverty, human development, and unemployment. However, those indicators are not fully informative because they sometimes disregard some of the important criteria of development. For example, an HDI or an HPI of a certain country may not take into account the economic gap between the various sectors of the society of that country. In other words, there may be discrepancy between human development indicators and other indicators of poverty distribution, such as the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve. Thus, in this research paper, the development process in Sweden will be deeply analyzed, using the UNDP development indicators in addition to the other economic indi cators. In order for the analysis of development in Sweden to be clear and objective, it will be compared to the development processes in other countries, from various continents. ... , Africa, Central Europe and South Asia: Egypt Life expectancy at birth (years) (HDI), 2002 70.7 Adult literacy rate (% ages 15 and above) (HDI), 2002 91.0 GDP per capita (PPP US$) (HDI), 2002 3,580 Education index 0.85 Human development index (HDI) value, 2002 0.735 HDI Rank 120 Human poverty index (HPI-1) Rank 20 Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) Value (%) 12.0 Paraguay Life expectancy at birth (years) (HDI), 2002 70.7 Adult literacy rate (% ages 15 and above) (HDI), 2002 91.6 1 GDP per capita (PPP US$) (HDI), 2002 4,610 Education index 0.85 Human development index (HDI) value, 2002 0.751 HDI Rank 89 Human poverty index (HPI-1) Rank 15 Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) Value (%) 10.6 Mozambique Life expectancy at birth (years) (HDI), 2002 38.5 Adult literacy rate (% ages 15 and above) (HDI), 2002 46.5 GDP per capita (PPP US$) (HDI), 2002 1,050 Education index 0.45 Human development index (HDI) value, 2002 0.354 HDI Rank 171 Human poverty index (HPI-1) Rank 89 Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) Value (%) 49.8 Sweden : Life expectancy at birth (years) (HDI), 2002 80.0 Adult literacy rate (% ages 15 and above) (HDI), 2002 .. 1 GDP per capita (PPP US$) (HDI), 2002 26,050 Education index 0.99 Human development index (HDI) value, 2002 0.946 HDI Rank 2 Human poverty index (HPI-2) Rank 1 Human poverty index (HPI-2) Value (%) 6.5 Thailand Life expectancy at birth (years) (HDI), 2002 69.1 Adult literacy rate (% ages 15 and above) (HDI), 2002 92.6 GDP per capita (PPP US$) (HDI), 2002 7,010 Education index 0.86 Human development index (HDI) value, 2002 0.768 HDI Rank 76 Human poverty index (HPI-1) Rank 22 Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) Value (%) 13.1 Therefore, from the above tables, one can get an idea about some important development indicators, such as GDP, life expectance, and adult illiteracy.

The Republic of Mass Culture by James L. Baughman Essay

The Republic of Mass Culture by James L. Baughman - Essay Example Proceeding with an outline of the extent to which television impacted the operational parameters of both radio and print journalism, Baughman explains how and why this led to cooperation, rather than competition. As radio, film and print journalism found themselves confronted by television, a communications and entertainment medium which was drawing audiences away from them, they realized their inherent limitations for successful and effective competition. Quite simply stated, they could not compete with television. They, therefore, relied on a survival strategy which they had used in the past when faced with similar challenges: cooperation and imitation as opposed to competition. In brief, when newspapers were confronted with the challenged posed by radio, not only did they proceed to make significant changes to their content but they gave greater space to entertainment and pictures. Certainly, the gap between radio and newspaper remained but it gradually narrowed down in such a way as to allow the survival of the latter in face of the competition posed by the former. As Baughman explains through an in-depth historical analysis, this strategy was used vis--vis each new mass medium. The television, however, proved... As a survival strategy, however, this was simply not sufficient. Print journalism and radio could hardly compete with television but what they did do was define the mass media market itself and proceed to identify the different segments and sub-segments wherein, following which the engaged in the identification of their target audience and the design of content to meet the tastes of the target segments. The mass media evolved into an industry which relied on market studies and marketing in order, not just to survive but, to prosper and grow. The mass media industry began to borrow and implement the tools and strategies traditionally associated with other industries. Hence, marketing and PR departments evolved. Even as regards newspapers whose primary purpose is to report the news, irrespective of whether the public will find it enjoyable' and interesting, or not, content was influenced by marketing research. As Baughman argues, "market forces, or, more accurately, a perception of the market"1 shaped the content of mass media and influenced the evolution of novel trends therein. As he explains the extent to which the mass media made the transition from an information communications medium, whose content was primarily determined by developing news and events, to an almost wholly entertainment based channel of popular communication, whose content is determined by market studies, Baughman presents a controversial thesis. We are not, as seems to be the popular opinion, living in the Information Age but in an age where, despite the abundance of media channels and types, information is superficial and geared towards entertainment. The public, the market, is dictating the information to be conveyed and, within the context of the